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Web of Science

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</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Web of Science</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Producer</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="Clarivate" title="Clarivate">Clarivate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">1997 (1997)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Coverage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disciplines</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Science, social science, arts, humanities (supports 256 disciplines)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Record depth</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Citation indexing, author, topic title, subject keywords, abstract, periodical title, author's address, publication year</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Format coverage</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Articles, reviews, editorials, chronologies, abstracts, proceedings (journals and book-based), technical papers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Temporal coverage</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">1900–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of records</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>79 million (core collection)</li><li>171 million (platform)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Links</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clarivate.com/products/web-of-science/">clarivate.com/products/web-of-science/</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>

The Web of Science (WoS; previously known as Web of Knowledge) is a paid-access platform that provides (typically via the internet) access to multiple databases that provide reference and citation data from <a href="Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journals</a>, <a href="Conference_proceedings" title="Conference proceedings">conference proceedings</a>, and other documents in various <a href="Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">academic disciplines</a>.

Until 1997, it was originally produced by the <a href="Institute_for_Scientific_Information" title="Institute for Scientific Information">Institute for Scientific Information</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> It is currently owned by <a href="Clarivate" title="Clarivate">Clarivate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

Web of Science currently contains 79 million records in the core collection and 171 million records on the platform.<a href="#cite_note-auto-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

A <a href="Citation_index" title="Citation index">citation index</a> is built on the fact that citations in science serve as linkages between similar research items, and lead to matching or related scientific literature, such as <a href="Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">journal articles</a>, <a href="Conference_proceedings" title="Conference proceedings">conference proceedings</a>, abstracts, etc. In addition, literature that shows the greatest impact in a particular field, or more than one discipline, can be located through a citation index. For example, a paper's influence can be determined by linking to all the papers that have cited it. In this way, current trends, patterns, and emerging fields of research can be assessed. <a href="Eugene_Garfield" title="Eugene Garfield">Eugene Garfield</a>, the "father of citation indexing of academic literature",<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> who launched the <a href="Science_Citation_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Citation Index">Science Citation Index</a>, which in turn led to the Web of Science,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> wrote:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Citations are the formal, explicit linkages between papers that have particular points in common. A citation index is built around these linkages. It lists publications that have been cited and identifies the sources of the citations. Anyone conducting a literature search can find from one to dozens of additional papers on a subject just by knowing one that has been cited. And every paper that is found provides a list of new citations with which to continue the search.

The simplicity of citation indexing is one of its main strengths.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coverage">Coverage</h2></div>

Expanding the coverage of Web of Science, in November 2009 Thomson Reuters introduced Century of Social Sciences. This service contains files which trace social science research back to the beginning of the 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-InfoToNov2009-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ComLibNov2009-8">[8]</a> and Web of Science now has indexing coverage from the year 1900 to the present.<a href="#cite_note-oview-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-UoOL-10">[10]</a> As of February 2017, the multidisciplinary coverage of the Web of Science encompasses: over a billion cited references, 90 million records, covering over 12 thousand high impact journals, and 8.2 million records across 160 thousand conference proceedings, with 15 thousand proceedings added each year.<a href="#cite_note-Web_of_Science-2014-11">[11]</a> The selection is made on the basis of <a href="Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact evaluations</a> and comprise <a href="Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journals</a>, spanning multiple <a href="Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">academic disciplines</a>. The coverage includes: the <a href="Science" title="Science">sciences</a>, <a href="Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, <a href="The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a>, and humanities, and goes across disciplines.<a href="#cite_note-oview-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-facts-12">[12]</a> However, Web of Science does not index all journals.

There is a significant and positive correlation between the <a href="Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact factor</a> and <a href="CiteScore" title="CiteScore">CiteScore</a>. However, an analysis by <a href="Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>, who created the journal evaluation metric CiteScore, has identified 216 journals from 70 publishers to be in the top 10 percent of the most-cited journals in their subject category based on the CiteScore while they did not have an impact factor.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> It appears that the impact factor does not provide comprehensive and unbiased coverage of high-quality journals. Similar results can be observed by comparing the impact factor with the <a href="SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago Journal Rank</a>.

Furthermore, as of September 2014, the total file count of the Web of Science was over 90 million records, which included over 800 million cited references, covering 5.3 thousand social science publications in 55 disciplines.<a href="#cite_note-facts-12">[12]</a>

Titles of foreign-language publications are translated into English and so cannot be found by searches in the original language.<a href="#cite_note-harvard-search-14">[14]</a>

In 2018, the Web of Science started embedding partial information about the <a href="Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> status of works, using <a href="Unpaywall" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpaywall">Unpaywall</a> data.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

While marketed as a global point of reference, Scopus and WoS have been characterised as "structurally biased against research produced in non-Western countries, non-English language research, and research from the arts, humanities, and social sciences".<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

After the <a href="2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, on March 11, 2022, Clarivate – which owns Web of Science – announced that it would cease all commercial activity in Russia and immediately close an office there.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citation_databases">Citation databases</h2></div>

The Web of Science Core Collection consists of six online indexing databases:<a href="#cite_note-Web_of_Science_Databases_2018-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Web_of_Science_fact_book-19">[19]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Science_Citation_Index_Expanded" title="Science Citation Index Expanded">Science Citation Index Expanded</a> (SCIE), previously entitled Science Citation Index, covers more than 9,200 journals across 178 scientific disciplines. Coverage is from 1900 to present day, with over 53 million records<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_Sciences_Citation_Index" title="Social Sciences Citation Index">Social Sciences Citation Index</a> (SSCI) covers more than 3,400 journals in the social sciences. Coverage is from 1900 to present, with over 9.3 million records<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li>

<li><a href="Arts_%26_Humanities_Citation_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts & Humanities Citation Index">Arts & Humanities Citation Index</a> (AHCI) covers more than 1,800 journals in the arts and humanities. Coverage is from 1975 to present, with over 4.9 million records<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li>

<li><a href="Emerging_Sources_Citation_Index" title="Emerging Sources Citation Index">Emerging Sources Citation Index</a> (ESCI) covers more than 7,800 journals in all disciplines. Coverage is from 2005 to present, with over 3 million records<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_Citation_Index" title="Book Citation Index">Book Citation Index</a> (BCI) covers more than 116,000 editorially selected books. Coverage is from 2005 to present, with over 53.2 million records<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li>

<li>Conference Proceedings Citation Index (CPCI) covers more than 205,000 conference proceedings. Coverage is from 1990 to present, with over 70.1 million records<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_databases">Regional databases</h3></div>

Since 2008, the Web of Science hosts a number of regional citation indices:

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_Science_Citation_Database" title="Chinese Science Citation Database">Chinese Science Citation Database</a>, produced in partnership with the <a href="Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>, was the first indexing database in a language other than English<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li>

<li><a href="SciELO" title="SciELO">SciELO</a> Citation Index, established in 2013, covering Brazil, Spain, Portugal, the Caribbean and South Africa, and an additional 12 countries of <a href="Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li>

<li><a href="Korea_Citation_Index" title="Korea Citation Index">Korea Citation Index</a> in 2014, with updates from the <a href="National_Research_Foundation_of_Korea" title="National Research Foundation of Korea">National Research Foundation of Korea</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Science_Citation_Index" title="Russian Science Citation Index">Russian Science Citation Index</a> in 2015<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li>

<li>Arabic Regional Citation Index in 2020<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contents">Contents</h3></div>

The seven <a href="Citation_index" title="Citation index">citation indices</a> listed above contain references which have been cited by other articles. One may use them to undertake cited reference search, that is, locating articles that cite an earlier, or current publication. One may search citation databases by topic, by author, by source title, and by location. Two chemistry databases, Index Chemicus and Current Chemical Reactions allow for the creation of structure drawings, thus enabling users to locate <a href="Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a> and reactions.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abstracting_and_indexing">Abstracting and indexing</h3></div>

The following types of literature are indexed: scholarly books, <a href="Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer reviewed</a> journals, original research articles, reviews, editorials, chronologies, abstracts, as well as other items. Disciplines included in this index are <a href="Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="Biological_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological sciences">biological sciences</a>, <a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, medical and <a href="Life_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sciences">life sciences</a>, <a href="Physics" title="Physics">physical</a> and <a href="Chemical_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical sciences">chemical sciences</a>, <a href="Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, law, <a href="Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library sciences</a>, <a href="Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, dance, music, film, and theater. Seven citation databases encompasses coverage of the above disciplines.<a href="#cite_note-UoOL-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Web_of_Science-2014-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-included-31">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_databases_and_products">Other databases and products</h3></div>

Among other WoS databases are <a href="BIOSIS_Previews" title="BIOSIS Previews">BIOSIS</a> and <a href="The_Zoological_Record" title="The Zoological Record">The Zoological Record</a>, an <a href="Bibliographic_database" title="Bibliographic database">electronic index</a> of zoological literature that also serves as the unofficial register of scientific names in <a href="Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>.

Clarivate owns and markets numerous other products that provide data and analytics, workflow tools, and professional services to researchers, universities, research institutions, and other organizations, such as:<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

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<a href="EndNote_Click" title="EndNote Click">EndNote Click</a> (formerly Kopernio) is a freely available <a href="Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plugin</a> allowing researchers to access papers in subscription-based <a href="Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journals</a>, to which they are subscribed through their <a href="Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> libraries, even when the user is off-campus. The tool works by recording the institutional subscriptions each user has and searches for full-text versions of selected papers to which the user may have access.<a href="#cite_note-EndNote_Click_tool01-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-EndNote_Click_tool02-34">[34]</a></div></div></li><li><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">

<a href="Publons" title="Publons">Publons</a> was a commercial website that provided a free service for academics to track, verify, and showcase their <a href="Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> and editorial contributions for <a href="Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journals</a>. It was launched in 2012 and was bought by <a href="Clarivate" title="Clarivate">Clarivate</a> in 2017. It claimed that over 3,000,000 researchers joined the site, adding more than one million reviews across 25,000 journals.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In 2019, <a href="ResearcherID" title="ResearcherID">ResearcherID</a> was integrated with Publons.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></div></div></li></ul></div>

<ul><li>InCites</li>

<li>Journal Citation Reports</li>

<li>Essential Science Indicators</li>

<li>ScholarOne</li>

<li>Converis</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations_in_the_use_of_citation_analysis">Limitations in the use of citation analysis</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Citation_analysis" title="Citation analysis">Citation analysis</a> and <a href="San_Francisco_Declaration_on_Research_Assessment" title="San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment">San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Impact_factor#Criticism" title="Impact factor">Impact factor § Criticism</a></div>

As with other scientific approaches, <a href="Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">scientometrics</a> and <a href="Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">bibliometrics</a> have their own limitations. In 2010, a criticism was voiced pointing toward certain deficiencies of the <a href="Journal_impact_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal impact factor">journal impact factor</a> calculation process, based on Thomson Reuters Web of Science, such as: journal citation distributions usually are highly skewed towards established journals; journal impact factor properties are field-specific and can be easily manipulated by editors, or even by changing the editorial policies; this makes the entire process essentially non-transparent.<a href="#cite_note-Declaration-39">[39]</a>

Regarding the more objective journal metrics, there is a growing view that for greater accuracy it must be supplemented with <a href="Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">article-level metrics</a> and peer-review.<a href="#cite_note-Declaration-39">[39]</a> Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank".<a href="#cite_note-Brembs2018-40">[40]</a> Thomson Reuters replied to criticism in general terms by stating that "no one metric can fully capture the complex contributions scholars make to their disciplines, and many forms of scholarly achievement should be considered."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journal_Citation_Reports">Journal Citation Reports</h2></div>

<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Journal_Citation_Reports" title="Journal Citation Reports">Journal Citation Reports</a>.[<a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_Citation_Reports&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt">

<a href="Journal_Citation_Reports" title="Journal Citation Reports">Journal Citation Reports</a> (JCR) is an <a href="Annual_publication" title="Annual publication">annual publication</a> by <a href="Clarivate" title="Clarivate">Clarivate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> It has been integrated with the Web of Science and is accessed from the <a href="Web_of_Science_Core_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Web of Science Core Collection">Web of Science Core Collection</a>. It provides information about <a href="Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journals</a> in the <a href="Natural_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural sciences">natural</a> and <a href="Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>, including <a href="Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact factors</a>. JCR was originally published as a part of the <a href="Science_Citation_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Citation Index">Science Citation Index</a>. Currently, the JCR, as a distinct service, is based on <a href="Citation" title="Citation">citations</a> compiled from the <a href="Science_Citation_Index_Expanded" title="Science Citation Index Expanded">Science Citation Index Expanded</a> and the <a href="Social_Sciences_Citation_Index" title="Social Sciences Citation Index">Social Sciences Citation Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Journal_Citation_Reports_evolves-43">[43]</a> As of the 2023 edition, journals from the <a href="Arts_and_Humanities_Citation_Index" title="Arts and Humanities Citation Index">Arts and Humanities Citation Index</a> and the <a href="Emerging_Sources_Citation_Index" title="Emerging Sources Citation Index">Emerging Sources Citation Index</a> have also been included.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></div></div>

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<ul><li><a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a></li>

<li><a href="CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a></li>

<li><a href="CSA_(database_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="CSA (database company)">CSA databases</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialog_(online_database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialog (online database)">Dialog (online database)</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_Citations_Database" title="Energy Citations Database">Energy Citations Database</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_Science_and_Technology_Database" title="Energy Science and Technology Database">Energy Science and Technology Database</a></li>

<li><a href="ETDEWEB" class="mw-redirect" title="ETDEWEB">ETDEWEB</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li>

<li><a href="H-index" title="H-index">h-index</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Citation_Index" title="Indian Citation Index">Indian Citation Index</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_academic_journal_search_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of academic journal search engines">List of academic journal search engines</a></li>

<li><a href="Materials_Science_Citation_Index" title="Materials Science Citation Index">Materials Science Citation Index</a></li>

<li><a href="PASCAL_(database)" title="PASCAL (database)">PASCAL database</a></li>

<li><a href="PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a></li>

<li><a href="R%C3%A9pertoire_International_de_Litt%C3%A9rature_Musicale" title="Répertoire International de Littérature Musicale">Répertoire International de Littérature Musicale</a></li>

<li><a href="ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a></li>

<li><a href="Serbian_Citation_Index" title="Serbian Citation Index">Serbian Citation Index</a></li>

<li><a href="VINITI_Database_RAS" title="VINITI Database RAS">VINITI Database RAS</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Journal_Citation_Reports_evolves-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Journal_Citation_Reports_evolves_43-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGarfield2007" class="citation journal cs1">Garfield, Eugene (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/papers/barcelona2007a.pdf">"The evolution of the Science Citation Index"</a> (PDF). <a href="International_Microbiology" title="International Microbiology">International Microbiology</a>. 10 (1): 65–69. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2436%2F20.1501.01.10">10.2436/20.1501.01.10</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17407063">17407063</a>.</cite> - <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100625025211/http://thomsonreuters.com/products_services/science/science_products/a-z/journal_citation_reports">"Overview"</a>. Journal Citation Reports. Thomson Reuters. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomsonreuters.com/products_services/science/science_products/a-z/journal_citation_reports">the original</a> on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2010.</cite> - <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101204815/http://thomsonreuters.com/about/">"About Us"</a>. Thomson Reuters. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomsonreuters.com/about/">the original</a> on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2010.</cite> - <cite id="CITEREFVenkatraman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Venkatraman, Archana (September 2009). "Journals cherish IF status symbol: but impact factor is not the only citation metric that matters". <a href="Information_World_Review" title="Information World Review">Information World Review</a>: 7.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFQuaderi2022" class="citation web cs1">Quaderi, Nandita (2022-07-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clarivate.com/blog/clarivate-announces-changes-to-the-2023-journal-citation-reports-release/">"Announcing changes to the 2023 Journal Citation Reports"</a>. Clarivate. Retrieved 2023-04-17.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clarivate.com/products/web-of-science/">Official website</a> </li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCantú-Ortiz2017" class="citation book cs1">Cantú-Ortiz, Francisco Javier, ed. (2017-10-25). "2. Web of Science: The First Citation Index for Data Analytics and Scientometrics". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.1201/9781315155890/research-analytics-francisco-cantu-ortiz">Research Analytics: Boosting University Productivity and Competitiveness through Scientometrics</a> (1st ed.). <a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. pp. 15–30. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9781315155890">10.1201/9781315155890</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-315-15589-0</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Academic_publishing208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Public_health_journal" title="Public health journal">Public health</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper" title="Academic publishing">Paper</a>

<ul><li><a href="Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">Abstract</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Review_article" title="Review article">Review article</a></li>

<li><a href="Position_paper" title="Position paper">Position paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Literature_review" title="Literature review">Literature review</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">Grey literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Working_paper" title="Working paper">Working paper</a></li>

<li><a href="White_paper" title="White paper">White paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_report" title="Technical report">Technical report</a></li>

<li><a href="Annual_report" title="Annual report">Annual report</a></li>

<li><a href="Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li>

<li><a href="Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Lab notes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other publication types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Collection_of_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection of articles">Collection of articles</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">Biological</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">Chemical</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Monograph" title="Monograph">Monograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapter</a></li>

<li><a href="Treatise" title="Treatise">Treatise</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Poster_session" title="Poster session">Poster session</a></li>

<li><a href="Conference_proceedings" title="Conference proceedings">Proceedings</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Impact and ranking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acknowledgment_index" title="Acknowledgment index">Acknowledgment index</a></li>

<li><a href="Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level metrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level metrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Composite_index_(metrics)" title="Composite index (metrics)">C-score</a></li>

<li><a href="Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal ranking</a></li>

<li><a href="Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li>

<li><a href="G-index" title="G-index">g-index</a></li>

<li><a href="H-index" title="H-index">h-index</a></li>

<li><a href="Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Rankings_of_academic_publishers" title="Rankings of academic publishers">Rankings of academic publishers</a></li>

<li><a href="Science-wide_author_databases_of_standardized_citation_indicators" title="Science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators">Science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li>

<li><a href="SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago Journal Rank</a></li>

<li><a href="Citation_cartel" title="Citation cartel">Citation cartel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reform and access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a>

<ul><li><a href="Open_access_citation_advantage" title="Open access citation advantage">Citation advantage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">Serials crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">#ICanHazPDF</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versioning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li>

<li><a href="Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li>

<li><a href="Version_of_record" title="Version of record">Version of record</a></li>

<li><a href="Erratum" title="Erratum">Erratum</a></li>

<li><a href="Retraction_in_academic_publishing" title="Retraction in academic publishing">Retraction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Citation_index" title="Citation index">Indexes and search engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li>

<li><a href="AMiner_(database)" title="AMiner (database)">AMiner</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a></li>

<li><a href="Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a></li>

<li><a href="Paperity" title="Paperity">Paperity</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenAlex" title="OpenAlex">OpenAlex</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_Copernicus" title="Index Copernicus">Index Copernicus</a></li>

<li><a href="Sherpa_Romeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherpa Romeo">Sherpa Romeo</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenAIRE" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenAIRE">OpenAIRE</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprint</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_writing" title="Scientific writing">Scientific writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholarly_communication" title="Scholarly communication">Scholarly communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">Scientific literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_research" title="Open research">Open research</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_scientific_data" title="Open scientific data">Open scientific data</a></li>

<li><a href="ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingelfinger_rule" title="Ingelfinger rule">Ingelfinger rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Least_publishable_unit" title="Least publishable unit">Least publishable unit</a></li>

<li>"<a href="Publish_or_perish" title="Publish or perish">Publish or perish</a>"</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Academic databases and search engines</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_academic_journals" title="Lists of academic journals">Academic journals</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_policies_of_academic_publishers" title="Copyright policies of academic publishers">Copyright policies</a></li>

<li><a href="Highly_Cited_Researchers" title="Highly Cited Researchers">Highly Cited Researchers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">Open-access journals</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_academic_publishers_by_preprint_policy" title="List of academic publishers by preprint policy">Preprint policies</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_scientific_journals" title="List of scientific journals">Scientific journals</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_style_guides#Academic" title="List of style guides">Style/formatting guides</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_university_presses" title="List of university presses">University presses</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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